Cai, Jiachen https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6217-7313
Kotz, Alexander https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0459-6759
Larocque, Hugo https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5849-780X
Wang, Chengli
Ji, Xinru https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7057-7786
Zhang, Junyin https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7597-8941
Drayss, Daniel
Sun, Jiale
Zheng, Shuhang
Ou, Xin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0316-9958
Koos, Christian https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2690-0691
Kippenberg, Tobias J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3408-886X
Funding for this research was provided by:
Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (216493)
EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (101187515)
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (403188360)
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (403187440)
Shanghai Science and Technology Development Foundation (24CL2901000)
Article History
Received: 8 August 2025
Accepted: 9 February 2026
First Online: 28 February 2026
Competing interests
: C.K. and T.J.K. are co-founders and shareholders of Luxtelligence SA, St. Sulpice, Switzerland, a company engaged in electro-optic modulators based on ferroelectric materials. T.J.K. is co-founder and shareholder of LIGENTEC SA, offering heterogenous integration of LN on silicon nitride PICs. The other authors declare no competing interests.