Craig, Jonathan M. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4791-5112
Laszlo, Andrew H. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7853-0533
Brinkerhoff, Henry
Thomas, Christopher A. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2434-5049
Marx, Sinduja K.
Lebo, Eric F.
Abell, Sarah J.
Franzi, Michaela C.
Huang, Jesse R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1998-3751
Kim, Hwanhee C.
Carrasco, Jessica D.
Gundlach, Jens H. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0773-8038
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Human Genome Research Institute (R01HG005115)
Article History
Received: 11 February 2025
Accepted: 12 February 2026
First Online: 26 February 2026
Competing interests
: J.M.C., A.H.L., H.B., and J.H.G. and the University of Washington have US patent 10359395 “Nanopore-based analysis of protein characteristics” on the nanopore tweezers technology, which covers methods discussed herein, including the use of a nanopore to measure kinetic states of an enzyme, and to correlate that behavior with the DNA sequence in the enzyme. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.