Mandell, Jenna
Wang, Tian
Mathad, Jyoti S.
Shafiq, Mehr
Naik, Shilpa
Alexander, Mallika https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9332-7915
Kulkarni, Vandana
Deshpande, Prasad
Humphrys, Michael S.
Ma, Bing https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3488-2393
Holm, Johanna B. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7646-4085
Bhosale, Ramesh
Ghanem, Khalil G.
Kinikar, Aarti
Ravel, Jacques https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-2233
Gupta, Amita
Wang, Shuang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1693-6888
Shivakoti, Rupak https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2773-9310
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R00HD089753; R01HD081929)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (K23AI129854; UM1AI069465)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Nursing Research (R01NR015495)
Article History
Received: 27 August 2025
Accepted: 11 February 2026
First Online: 23 February 2026
Competing interests
: J.R. is co-founder of LUCA Biologics, a biotechnology company focusing on translating microbiome research into live biotherapeutic drugs for women’s health. For the remaining authors, none were declared.