Agresti, Antonio https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6581-0387
Pescetelli, Sara
Viskadouros, George
Pazniak, Anna
Leonardi, Enrico
Di Vito, Alessia
Amiri, Peyman
Auf Der Maur, Matthias https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4815-4485
Menchini, Francesca https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2156-7631
Del Gobbo, Silvano
Di Giacomo, Francesco
Bengasi, Giuseppe
Connelli, Carmelo
Sorbello, Luca
Foti, Marina
Bonaccorso, Francesco https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7238-9420
Kymakis, Emmanuel https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0257-1192
Di Carlo, Aldo https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6828-2380
Article History
Received: 20 March 2025
Accepted: 16 February 2026
First Online: 6 March 2026
Competing interests
: F.B. is a co-founder and Chief Scientific Officer of BeDimensional S.p.A., a company commercializing graphene-based materials, which supplied the graphene used in this study. L.S. and E.L. are employees of Halocell Europe SRL, a company focused on the commercialization of perovskite solar technologies. G.B., C.C., and M.F. are employees of 3SUN – Enel Green Power (EGP) S.p.A., a company active in the industrial production of silicon heterojunction solar cells. The authors declare no competing non-financial interests. A.A, S.P., G.V., A.P., A.D.V., P.A., M.A.D.M., F.M., S.D.G., F.D.G., E.K., A.D.C. declare no competing interests.