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Authors
Teo, Kevin https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3985-7569
Arnold, Naomi
Hone, Andrew
Coulon, Michael
Ireland, Martin
Santillana, Mauricio https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4206-418X
Kiss, István Z. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1473-6644
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Article History
Received: 30 January 2025
Accepted: 16 February 2026
First Online: 27 February 2026
Competing interests
: K.T., N.A., A.H., and M.S. declare no competing interests. M.I. and M.C. are employees of a shipping-related company, AlphaOcean.ai. M.I., M.C., and I.Z.K. own shares in AlphaOcean.ai. The start-up company’s core product is building optimization models to assist shipowners with refueling strategies, which are not related to the research in this paper.
