Lee, Do Hoon https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7414-8379
Lee, Seungkyu https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4913-9997
Park, Minyong
Kim, Junehyeok https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2188-1201
Jin, Hanbit https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1445-3804
Kim, Su Yeong
Lee, Donghyun
Lim, Young-Soo https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8541-0655
Yang, Jun Chang
Lee, Taehoon https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0092-6164
Oh, Byungkook
Sun, Sang Yu
Kim, Do-Wan
Wang, Sihong https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3611-0004
Im, Sung Gap https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2802-6398
Kim, Hye Jin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3442-7948
Park, Sung-Min https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8359-8110
Kim, Jihan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3844-8789
Choi, Yang-Kyu
Park, Steve https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1428-592X
Funding for this research was provided by:
LG Display (C2024004283_V1)
National Research Foundation of Korea (RS-2021-NR057337)
National Research Foundation of Korea (RS-2025-04162969)
National Research Foundation of Korea (RS-2023-00217888)
National Research Foundation of Korea (RS-2024-00333710)
National Research Foundation of Korea (RS-2023-00260637)
KAIST KAI-NEET Seed Money Project, Post-AI Project
Article History
Received: 15 December 2025
Accepted: 18 February 2026
First Online: 26 February 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.