Chang, Hui-Yin
Deng, Yamei https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3680-5930
Li, Ruohong
Avtonomov, Dmitry
Wen, Bo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2261-3150
Haynes, Sarah E. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3225-1691
da Veiga Leprevost, Felipe
Zhang, Bing https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8676-2425
Yu, Fengchao https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7695-3698
Nesvizhskii, Alexey I. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2806-7819
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (R01-GM-094231)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (U2CES030164)
Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (MOST-110-2320-B-008-001-MY2)
Article History
Received: 21 June 2025
Accepted: 19 February 2026
First Online: 2 March 2026
Competing interests
: A.I.N. is the founder of Fragmatics and serves on the scientific advisory boards of Protai Bio and Infinitopes. F.Y. is a paid consultant for Fragmatics. A.I.N. and F.Y. have a financial interest due to the licensing of MSFragger and IonQuant to commercial entities. Other authors declare no financial or commercial conflicts of interest.