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Authors
Oommen, Vivek https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4363-6896
Khodakarami, Siavash
Bora, Aniruddha
Wang, Zhicheng
Karniadakis, George Em https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9713-7120
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
United States Department of Defense | United States Air Force | AFMC | Air Force Office of Scientific Research (MURI/AFOSR FA9550-20-1-0358)
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE-MMICS SEA-CROGS DE-SC002319)
United States Department of Defense | Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA-ABAQuS HR00112490526)
United States Department of Defense | United States Navy | Office of Naval Research (MURI-METHODS project N00014242545)
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Article History
Received: 9 September 2025
Accepted: 17 February 2026
First Online: 9 March 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study is based on numerical simulations and previously collected datasets used with appropriate permission. It did not involve human participants, animals, or fieldwork. All contributors who meet Nature Portfolio authorship criteria are included as authors, and relevant contributions are acknowledged.
