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Authors
Yang, Xiong https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8187-1443
Kim, Min Seo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2115-7835
Zhu, Xinyu https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0519-3704
Uddin, Md Mesbah https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1846-0411
Nakao, Tetsushi https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9979-2682
Cho, So Mi Jemma https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2460-3335
Koyama, Satoshi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9286-0360
Xu, Tingfeng
Reeskamp, Laurens F. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8043-951X
Zhang, Rufan
Liu, Zhaoqi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3798-9583
A, Yunga
de Vries, Paul S. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0964-0111
Vasan, Ramachandran S. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7357-5970
Boerwinkle, Eric
Morrison, Alanna C. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6381-4296
Psaty, Bruce M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7278-2190
Tracy, Russell P. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0080-2420
Heckbert, Susan R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7100-512X
Cho, Michael H. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4907-1657
Yun, Jeong H. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4361-8295
Palmer, Nicholette D. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8883-2511
Bowden, Donald W.
Murabito, Joanne M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0192-7516
Levy, Daniel https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1843-8724
Heard-Costa, Nancy L. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9730-0306
O’Connor, George T.
Becker, Lewis C.
Kral, Brian G. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9493-2084
Yanek, Lisa R. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7117-1075
Raffield, Laura M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7892-193X
Hidalgo, Bertha https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2556-1969
Rotter, Jerome I. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7191-1723
Rich, Stephen S. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3872-7793
Taylor, Kent D.
Post, Wendy S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8655-5204
Kooperberg, Charles https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7986-8560
Reiner, Alexander P. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1427-4470
Mitchell, Braxton D. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4920-4744
Kardia, Sharon L. R.
Smith, Jennifer A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3575-5468
Peyser, Patricia A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9717-8459
Bielak, Lawrence F. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3443-8030
Yon, Dong Keon https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1628-9948
Won, Hong-Hee https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5719-0552
Arnett, Donna K.
Smith, Albert V. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1942-5845
Gabriel, Stacey B.
Ellinor, Patrick T.
,
Natarajan, Pradeep https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8402-7435
Wang, Minxian
Fahed, Akl C. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4849-6389
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01 HL164629)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (K08 HL161448)
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Article History
Received: 21 February 2025
Accepted: 16 February 2026
First Online: 26 March 2026
Competing interests
: L.F.R. is cofounder of Lipid Tools and reports speaker fees from Ultragenyx, Novartis, and Daiichi Sankyo. P.T.E. receives sponsored research support from Bayer AG, Bristol Myers Squibb, Pfizer and Novo Nordisk; he has also served on advisory boards or consulted for Bayer AG, all unrelated to the present work. P.N. reports research grants from Allelica, Amgen, Apple, Boston Scientific, Genentech/Roche, and Novartis, personal fees from Allelica, Apple, AstraZeneca, Blackstone Life Sciences, Creative Education Concepts, CRISPR Therapeutics, Eli Lilly & Co, Esperion Therapeutics, Foresite Labs, Genentech/Roche, GV, HeartFlow, Magnet Biomedicine, Merck, Novartis, TenSixteen Bio, and Tourmaline Bio, equity in Bolt, Candela, Mercury, MyOme, Parameter Health, Preciseli, and TenSixteen Bio, and spousal employment at Vertex Pharmaceuticals, all unrelated to the present work. A.C.F. reports being co-founder of Goodpath and Avigena, serving as scientific advisor to MyOme, Arboretum Health, Novartis, and Aditum Bio and receiving sponsored research awards from Foresite, Sarepta Therapeutics, and Allelica, all of which are unrelated to the present work. L.M.R. and S.S.R. are consultants for the NHLBI TOPMed Administrative Coordinating Center (through Westat). M.H.C. has received grant support from Bayer and consulting fees from Apogee and BMS. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.
