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Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (U24OD026629)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (U24DK112342)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (U24DK112340)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (U24DK112341)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (U24DK112326)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (U24DK112331)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (U24DK112348)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (U01AR071133)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (U01AR071130)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (U01AR071124–01)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (U01AR071128)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (U01AR071150)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (U01AR071160)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (U01AR071158)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (U24AR071113)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (U01AG055133)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (U01AG055137)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (U01AG055135)
Article History
Received: 10 January 2023
Accepted: 18 February 2026
First Online: 21 March 2026
Competing interests
: S.C.B. has equity in Emmyon, Inc and receives grant funding from Calico Life Sciences. M.P.S. is a cofounder and scientific advisor of Personalis, Qbio, January AI, Filtricine, SensOmics, Protos, Fodsel, Rthm, Marble and scientific advisor of Genapsys, Swaz, Jupiter. S.B.M. is a consultant for BioMarin, MyOme and Tenaya Therapeutics. This work was prepared while Irene Ramos was employed at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. The opinions expressed in this article are the author’s own and do not reflect the view of the National Institutes of Health, the Department of Health and Human Services, or the United States government. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.