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Authors
Dai, Linbin https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5825-1505
Kirsebom, Bjørn-Eivind
Wang, Chenxi
Zhang, Mengguo
Wang, Qiong
Ni, Ming
Gonzalez-Ortiz, Fernando https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7897-9456
Blennow, Kaj https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1890-4193
Shi, Jiong
Fladby, Tormod https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9984-9797
Gao, Feng https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7539-6455
Shen, Yong https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5048-8134
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (W2411069,82030034)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82501685, U23A20422)
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Article History
Received: 18 November 2025
Accepted: 26 February 2026
First Online: 9 March 2026
Competing interests
: B.E.K. has served as a consultant for Biogen and medical advisory boards for Biogen and Eli Lilly. T.F. has served as a consultant and at the advisory boards for Biogen, Eisai, Novo Nordisk, Eli Lilly and Roche. K.B. has served as a consultant and at advisory boards for AbbVie, AC Immune, ALZPath, AriBio, Beckman-Coulter, BioArctic, Biogen, Eisai, Lilly, Moleac Pte. Ltd, Neurimmune, Novartis, Ono Pharma, Prothena, Quanterix, Roche Diagnostics, Sunbird Bio, Sanofi and Siemens Healthineers; has served at data monitoring committees for Julius Clinical and Novartis; has given lectures, produced educational materials and participated in educational programs for AC Immune, Biogen, Celdara Medical, Eisai and Roche Diagnostics; and is a co-founder of Brain Biomarker Solutions in Gothenburg AB (BBS), which is a part of the GU Ventures Incubator Program, outside the work presented in this paper. The remaining authors declare no competing interests
