Wang, Jun https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3878-6195
Zhou, Ziyang https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9050-5431
Kahak, Ardalan
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Science Foundation (CMMI-2312422)
National Science Foundation (CMMI-2328522)
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Startup Fund)
NSF | ENG/OAD | Division of Emerging Frontiers in Research and Innovation (EFRI-2422340)
Article History
Received: 12 October 2025
Accepted: 6 March 2026
First Online: 15 March 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.