Williamson, Carolyn https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0125-1226
Moodley, Chivonne https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3971-3190
Magaret, Craig A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5056-2664
Giorgi, Elena E.
Rolland, Morgane https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3650-8490
Westfall, Dylan H. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2434-8525
Yssel, Anna
Deng, Wenjie
Rossenkhan, Raabya
Mkhize, Nonhlanhla N. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3037-1243
Chen, Lennie
Zhao, Hong
Bhattacharya, Tanmoy https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1060-652X
Pankow, Alec https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9108-1683
Murrell, Ben
York, Talita
Gwashu-Nyangiwe, Asanda
Ndabambi, Nonkululeko
Thebus, Ruwayhida
Cohen, Paula
Lambson, Bronwen
Kaldine, Haajira https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7946-5606
Bhebhe, Sinethemba
Juraska, Michal https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0920-2915
Bai, Hongjun https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3501-3974
deCamp, Allan C. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1404-4322
Miner, Maurine D. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4637-1283
Ludwig, James https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3500-3490
Molitor, Cindy
Beaume, Nicolas
Matten, David
Huang, Yunda https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1546-6172
Zhang, Lily
Reeves, Daniel B. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5684-9538
Mayer, Bryan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2258-5276
Karuna, Shelly T. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5946-9733
Hural, John A.
Morris, Lynn https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3961-7828
Montefiori, David https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0856-6319
Bumgarner, Roger E.
Moore, Penny L. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8719-4028
Edlefsen, Paul T. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8393-8103
Edupuganti, Srilatha
Mgodi, Nyaradzo
McElrath, M. Juliana https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2276-7117
Cohen, Myron S.
Corey, Lawrence https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2179-2436
Gilbert, Peter B. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2662-9427
Mullins, James I. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4461-8158
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (UM1 AI068614)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (UM1 AI068635)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (UM1 AI068618)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (UM1 AI068619)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (UM1 AI068613)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (UM1 AI068617)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01 AI152115)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (K25 AI155224, R01 AI186721-01)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01 AI157854)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (1032144, INV-016189)
Vetenskapsrådet (2018-02381)
Article History
Received: 6 January 2026
Accepted: 6 March 2026
First Online: 3 April 2026
Competing interests
: MR: This work was supported by a cooperative agreement between The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., and the U.S. Department of the Army [W81XWH-18-2-0040]. The opinions or assertions contained herein are the private views of the author, and are not to be construed as official, or as reflecting true views of the Department of the Army or the Department of Defense, or the Department of Health and Human Services. The remaining authors have nothing to declare.