Xu, Yang https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5454-7320
Choudhary, Saumya https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1922-5560
Nguyen, Long D. https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5307-3850
Klein, Matthew
Vangala, Shivashankar https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1964-3343
Miller, J. Keith https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0673-0437
Johnson, Eric G.
Hendrickson, Joshua R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5342-0346
Alam, M. Zahirul https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4204-3781
Boyd, Robert W. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1234-2265
Funding for this research was provided by:
United States Department of Defense | United States Navy | Office of Naval Research (MURI N00014-20-2558)
United States Department of Defense | United States Navy | Office of Naval Research (MURI N00014-20-2558)
United States Department of Defense | United States Navy | Office of Naval Research (MURI N00014-20-2558)
United States Department of Defense | United States Navy | Office of Naval Research (N00014-19-1-2247)
United States Department of Defense | United States Air Force | AFMC | Air Force Office of Scientific Research (FA9550-25RYCOR006)
Canada First Research Excellence Fund
Government of Canada
Canada Research Chairs
Article History
Received: 2 January 2026
Accepted: 12 March 2026
First Online: 19 March 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.