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Chen, Feng https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2915-599X

Stogiannidis, Ilias https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5803-1138

Wood, Andrew https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1343-0774

Bueno, Danilo https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3036-7010

Williams, Dominic https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8908-6696

Macfarlane, Fraser https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7411-1446

Grieve, Bruce D. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5130-3592

Wells, Darren https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4246-4909

Atkinson, Jonathan A. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2815-0812

Hawkesford, Malcolm J. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8759-3969

Rolfe, Stephen A. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2141-4707

Lawson, Tracy https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4073-7221

Pridmore, Tony

Tsaftaris, Sotirios A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8795-9294

Giuffrida, Mario Valerio https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5232-677X

Funding for this research was provided by:

RCUK | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/Y512333/1)

RCUK | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/Y512333/1)

RCUK | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/Y512333/1)

RCUK | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/Y512333/1)

RCUK | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/Y512333/1)

RCUK | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/Y512333/1)

RCUK | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/Y512333/1)

RCUK | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/Y512333/1)

RCUK | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/Y512333/1)

RCUK | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/Y512333/1)

RCUK | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/Y512333/1)

RCUK | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/X011003/1)

RCUK | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/Y512333/1)

RCUK | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/Y512333/1)

RCUK | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/Y512333/1)

RCUK | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/Y512333/1)

Microsoft Accelerating Foundation Models Research (AFMR): Agricultural Foundation Models via Domain-Specific Pre-Training

RCUK | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/X033686/1)

RCUK | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/Y028856/1)

Text and Data Mining valid from 2026-04-03

Accepted Manuscript valid from 2026-04-03