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Article History

Received: 5 November 2025

Accepted: 13 March 2026

First Online: 26 March 2026

Competing interests

: R.L.P. declares consulting and/or advisory board participation for Gilead, unrelated to this work; Payment for educational events: OncLive/MJH Life Sciences. E.K.L. declares advisory board participation: Oncusp Therapeutics and Genmab, unrelated to this work, and institutional research support from: Repare Therapeutics, KSQ Therapeutics, Genmab, GSK, Merck, OnCusp Therapeutics, and NiKang Therapeutics. J.F.L. declares consulting and/or advisory board participation for AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Clovis Oncology, Daiichi Sankyo, Eisai, Genentech/Roche, Genmab, GlaxoSmithKline, LoxoLilly, Merck, SystImmune, Regeneron Therapeutics, Revolution Medicine, and Zentalis Pharmaceuticals, unrelated to this work. S.J.R. declares research support from Coherus Pharmaceuticals, Delcath Pharmaceuticals, and Bristol Myers Squibb. S.R. is a member of the Scientific Advisory Board of Immunitas Therapeutics. J.V. declares current employment at GSK, unrelated to this work. U.A.M. declares participation in scientific advisory boards: NextCure, Abbvie, Immunogen, Profound Bio, Eisai, the Ovarian Cancer Research Alliance, Tango Therapeutics, Novartis, GSK, Daiichi Sankyo, DayOne Bio, and Whitehawk Therapeutics; UAM also reports participation in a data safety-monitoring board: Mural Oncology, Macrogenics, Daiichi Sankyo, Astrazseneca and Symphogen, all unrelated to this work. P.A.K. declares consulting and/or advisory board participation for AstraZeneca, Bayer, GSK, Merck, Pfizer, BMS, Repare, IMV, Artios, Kadmon, Cardiff, Immunogen, EMD Serono, Scorpion, Schrodinger, Nimbus, Mural Oncology, unrelated to this work. Y.Z., N.E., M.H., M.P., C.K., S.C., A.A.W., E.H.S., H.S., N.X., K.L.P., N.T., S.Z., V.J. declare no competing interests.