Yi, Yang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1958-7249
Li, Yanqiang https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6846-6884
Wang, Rui
Yu, Xufen https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7794-7890
Liu, Qi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7652-4201
Yum, Chaehyun https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5830-7608
Zhang, Yang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3476-8937
Qiao, Yuanyuan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1178-3480
Szczepanski, Aileen https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4133-0634
Wu, Siqi
Li, Qiaqia
Fazli, Ladan
Shen, Jiangchuan
Wang, Xin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1456-335X
Li, Xiaoling https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1554-1569
Mu, Ping https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0955-0896
Schaeffer, Edward M. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0699-1899
Hundley, Heather A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9106-9016
Niu, Hengyao https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1768-0674
Chinnaiyan, Arul M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9282-3415
Wang, Lu https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0441-0747
Shi, Jinjun https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9200-5068
Jin, Jian https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2387-3862
Dong, Xuesen https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3115-3371
Zhao, Wei https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0774-2571
Chen, Kaifu https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1009-4357
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Cancer Institute (R01CA256741)
Article History
Received: 18 August 2025
Accepted: 15 March 2026
First Online: 26 March 2026
Competing interests
: J.J. is a cofounder and equity shareholder in Cullgen, Inc., a scientific cofounder and scientific advisory board member of Onsero Therapeutics, Inc., and a consultant for Cullgen, Inc., EpiCypher, Inc., Accent Therapeutics, Inc, and Tavotek Biotherapeutics, Inc. The Jin laboratory received research funds from Celgene Corporation, Levo Therapeutics, Inc., Cullgen, Inc. and Cullinan Oncology, Inc. A.M.C. is a co-founder and serves on the scientific advisory boards of LynxDx, Oncopia and Esanik. A.M.C. serves on the scientific advisory board of Tempus and Ascentage. The other authors declare no competing interests.