Meany, Emily L. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9060-1253
Williams, Christian M.
Song, Ye Eun https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8764-8077
Doulames, Vanessa M. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4800-3692
Alakesh, Alakesh https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8038-0434
Bailey, Sophia J.
Williams, Shoshana C. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5669-6340
Jons, Carolyn K.
Fox, Paige M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4166-8547
Appel, Eric A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2301-7126
Funding for this research was provided by:
Stanford University (Terman Faculty Fellowship)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (T32-GM008412)
Article History
Received: 13 February 2025
Accepted: 16 March 2026
First Online: 31 March 2026
Competing interests
: E.A.A, Y.E.S., E.L.M., and C.M.W. are listed as inventors on a patent application describing the dynamic hydrogel technology reported in this manuscript (patent PCT/US2023/079149). E.A.A. is a co-founder equity holder, and advisor for Appel Sauce Studios LLC, which holds a global exclusive license to the technology reported in this manuscript. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.