Zhang, Shu https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1977-0446
Chen, Wenying https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9376-5579
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China (2024ZD1406606)
Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China (2018YFC1509006)
Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China (2024ZD1406606)
Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China (22JJD480001)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (71690243)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (51861135102)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (72504162)
European Commission (101183367)
EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (821471)
Tsinghua University (20253080082)
International Joint Mission On Climate Change and Carbon Neutrality
Article History
Received: 31 January 2025
Accepted: 23 March 2026
First Online: 11 April 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.