Wu, Shun
Yan, Zhiqiang
Kong, Cen
Jiang, Xiaofan
Dong, Qiufeng
Qian, Youkun
Chen, Guangyuan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9099-9027
Chen, Beibei
Ren, Chi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0947-8516
Lu, Junfeng https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6091-5742
Li, Xia
Zhao, Zhengtuo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2476-1560
Article History
Received: 17 October 2025
Accepted: 12 March 2026
First Online: 13 April 2026
Competing interests
: Z.Z. and X.L are the founders of Shanghai Stairmed Technology Co., Ltd. Z.Z., X.L are co-inventors on a patent (CN202210689990.9, 2022) on the electrode related to this study. The other authors declare no competing interests.