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Muriuki, John Muthii https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4369-9547

Mentzer, Alexander J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4502-2209

Band, Gavin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1710-9024

Chong, Amanda Y. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4919-2632

Macharia, Alex W. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5364-9610

Mogire, Reagan M.

Abuga, Kelvin Mokaya https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5726-1776

Mitchell, Ruth https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3506-160X

Gilchrist, James J. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2045-6788

Webb, Emily L. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4019-7456

Ndungu, Francis M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8977-0030

Raffield, Laura M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7892-193X

Ekunwe, Lynette https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6125-5233

Bentley, Amy R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0827-9101

Sirima, Sodiomon B. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0972-4211

Madhi, Shabir A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7629-0636

Hill, Adrian V. S. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0900-9629

Prentice, Andrew M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5389-451X

Bejon, Philip https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2135-7549

Hemani, Gibran https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0920-1055

Smith, George Davey https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1407-8314

Sandhu, Manjinder S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2725-142X

Elliott, Alison M. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2818-9549

Williams, Thomas N.

Adeyemo, Adebowale https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3105-3231

Atkinson, Sarah H. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8360-4402

Funding for this research was provided by:

Wellcome Trust (224317)

Wellcome Trust (106289)

Wellcome Trust (311117)

Wellcome Trust (203077)

Wellcome Trust (103951)

Wellcome Trust (226014)

Text and Data Mining valid from 2026-04-07

Accepted Manuscript valid from 2026-04-07