Timsina, Jigyasha https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4794-9187
Jiang, Chenyang
McCartney, Daniel L.
Tao, Feifei
Dalmasso, Maria Carolina https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4901-9955
Najar, Jenna https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1762-4413
Anastasi, Federica https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9304-5421
Ohlei, Olena
Puerta Fuentes, Raquel https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1191-5893
Yang, Chenyu
Bradley, Joseph https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0217-4808
Western, Daniel https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3725-9553
Ali, Muhammad https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1399-6631
Wang, Ciyang https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5253-0490
Yang, Chengran https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4577-5590
Wu, Ying
Liu, Menghan https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9902-5983
Budde, John https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7778-7276
Williams, Julie https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4069-0259
Mahoney, Rebecca
Castillo Morales, Atahualpa
Hohman, Timothy J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3377-7014
Dumitrescu, Logan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9782-9944
Wang, Ting-Chen
Tesi, Niccolo’ https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1413-5091
Kern, Silke
Waern, Margda https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8330-6915
Skoog, Ingmar
van Harten, Argonde
Pijnenburg, Yolande A. L.
van der Flier, Wiesje M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8766-6224
Sánchez-Juan, Pascual
Rodriguez-Rodriguez, Eloy https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7742-677X
Kleineidam, Luca https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3309-6856
Peters, Oliver https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0568-2998
Schneider, Anja
Küçükali, Fahri https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3835-9639
Bellenguez, Céline https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1240-7874
Grenier-Boley, Benjamin
Heikkinen, Sami https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6083-2402
de Rojas, Itziar https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2148-381X
Rujescu, Dan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1432-313X
Scherbaum, Norbert https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1759-6990
Hausner, Lucrezia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9009-2356
Düzel, Emrah
Grimmer, Timo
Wiltfang, Jens https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1492-5330
Vandenberghe, Rik
Engelborghs, Sebastiaan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0304-9785
Heilmann-Heimbach, Stefanie https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1057-465X
Schmid, Matthias
Tegos, Thomas
Scarmeas, Nikolaos
Dols-Icardo, Oriol https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2656-8748
Moreno, Fermin https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5200-3164
Pérez-Tur, Jordi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9111-1712
Bullido, María J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6477-1117
Sánchez-Valle, Raquel
Álvarez, Victoria https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1916-2523
García-González, Pablo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0125-5403
Mir, Pablo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1656-302X
Real, Luis M. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4932-7429
Piñol-Ripoll, Gerard
García-Alberca, Jose María https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2951-6644
Seelaar, Harro https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1989-7527
Ramakers, Inez
Papma, Janne
Hulsman, Marc https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9889-3606
Laske, Christoph
Teipel, Stefan
Priller, Josef https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7596-0979
Perneczky, Robert https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1981-7435
Buerger, Katharina
Nöthen, Markus M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8770-2464
Lewczuk, Piotr https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8101-6535
Kornhuber, Johannes https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8096-3987
Hampel, Harald
Giegling, Ina https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8407-7512
Goldhardt, Oliver https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3841-3391
Diehl-Schmid, Janine
Andrade, Victor
Heneka, Michael MT.
Frölich, Lutz https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1494-0813
Vogelgsang, Jonathan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9326-8193
Graff, Caroline https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9949-2951
Thonberg, Hakan
Ullgren, Abbe
Papenberg, Goran
Deleuze, Jean-François https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5358-4463
Dufouil, Carole https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2442-4476
Wagner, Michael https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2589-6440
Jessen, Frank
Holstege, Henne https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7688-3087
van Duijn, Cornelia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2374-9204
Lebouvier, Thibaud
Hannon, Olivier
Leinonen, Ville https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4282-4687
Soininen, Hilkka https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2785-9937
Herukka, Sanna-Kaisa
Giedraitis, Vilmantas
Löwenmark, Malin
Kilander, Lena
Genius, Patricia
Rodríguez, Blanca
Luckett, Emma S.
Navarro, Arcadi
Cano, Amanda
Marquié, Marta
Blennow, Kaj https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1890-4193
Zetterberg, Henrik https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3930-4354
Lleo, Alberto https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2568-5478
Boada, Mercè https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2617-3009
Ruiz, Agustin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2633-2495
Lee, Virginia Man-Yee https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3536-6902
Van Deerlin, Vivianna M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7400-9097
Deming, Yuetiva
Johnson, Sterling C. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8501-545X
Engelman, Corinne D.
Pastor, Pau https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7493-8777
Alvarez, Ignacio https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8537-3935
Peskind, Elaine R.
Heslegrave, Amanda J.
Saykin, Andrew J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1376-8532
Nho, Kwangsik
Schindler, Suzanne E. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1680-1465
Morris, John C.
Holtzman, David M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3400-0856
McDade, Eric https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6764-3866
Renton, Alan E. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6702-8268
Goate, Alison https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0576-2472
Ibanez, Laura
Riemenschneider, Matthias
Albert, Marilyn S.
Laws, Simon M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4355-7082
Porter, Tenielle https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7887-6622
O’Brien, Eleanor K. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5145-7340
Shaw, Leslie M.
Tijms, Betty M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2612-1797
Ingelsson, Martin https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5466-8370
Visser, Pieter Jelle https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8008-9727
Hiltunen, Mikko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3566-4096
Sleegers, Kristel
Ritchie, Craig W.
Sims, Rebecca https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3885-1199
Belloy, Michael https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7748-9033
Lambert, Jean-Charles https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0829-7817
Vilor-Tejedor, Natalia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4935-6721
Fernández, Maria Victoria
Li, Qingqin S. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4182-4535
Nagle, Michael W. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4677-7582
Marioni, Riccardo E. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4430-4260
Ramirez, Alfredo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4991-763X
Bertram, Lars https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0108-124X
van der Lee, Sven J. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1606-8643
Cruchaga, Carlos https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0276-2899
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Aging (R01AG044546)
Alzheimer's Association (ZEN-22-848604)
Article History
Received: 23 June 2025
Accepted: 27 March 2026
First Online: 21 April 2026
Competing interests
: C.C. has received research support from GSK and Eisai. C.C. is a member of the advisory board of Circular Genomics and owns stocks in these companies. C.C. is part of the advisory board of ADmit. DMH is a co-founder and has equity in C2N Diagnostics. He is on the scientific advisory board of C2N Diagnostics, Denali, Genentech, Switch Therapeutics, Acta Pharmaceuticals, and Cajal Neurosciences. He consults for Pfizer, AbbVie, and Roche. MWN, FT, and YW are employees of Eisai. H.H. is an employee of Eisai Inc.; however, this article does not represent the opinion of Eisai. His contribution to this article reflects exclusively his academic and scientific expertise developed as part of an academic position at Sorbonne University, Paris, France. H.H. serves as Reviewing Editor and previously as Senior Associate Editor for the journal Alzheimer’s & Dementia, the journal of the Alzheimer’s Association. Part of this study was initiated and developed in line with the Alzheimer’s Precision Medicine Initiative (APMI) framework. H.H. declares no competing financial interests related to the present article. QSL was an employee of Janssen Research & Development, LLC when the work was conducted, and owns company stocks. S.K. has served at scientific advisory boards, speaker and/or as consultant for Roche, Eli Lilly, Geras Solutions, Optoceutics, Biogen, Eisai, Merry Life, Triolab, Novo Nordisk and Bioarctic, unrelated to present study content. H.Z. has served at scientific advisory boards and/or as a consultant for Abbvie, Acumen, Alector, Alzinova, ALZpath, Amylyx, Annexon, Apellis, Artery Therapeutics, AZTherapies, Cognito Therapeutics, CogRx, Denali, Eisai, LabCorp, Merry Life, Nervgen, Novo Nordisk, Optoceutics, Passage Bio, Pinteon Therapeutics, Prothena, Quanterix, Red Abbey Labs, reMYND, Roche, Samumed, Siemens Healthineers, Triplet Therapeutics, and Wave, has given lectures sponsored by Alzecure, BioArctic, Biogen, Cellectricon, Fujirebio, Lilly, Novo Nordisk, Roche, and WebMD, and is a co-founder of Brain Biomarker Solutions in Gothenburg AB (BBS), which is a part of the GU Ventures Incubator Program (outside submitted work). K.B. has served as a consultant and at advisory boards for Abbvie, AC Immune, ALZPath, AriBio, Beckman-Coulter, BioArctic, Biogen, Eisai, Lilly, Moleac Pte. Ltd, Neurimmune, Novartis, Ono Pharma, Prothena, Quanterix, Roche Diagnostics, Sanofi and Siemens Healthineers; has served at data monitoring committees for Julius Clinical and Novartis; has given lectures, produced educational materials and participated in educational programs for AC Immune, Biogen, Celdara Medical, Eisai and Roche Diagnostics; and is a co-founder of Brain Biomarker Solutions in Gothenburg AB (BBS), which is a part of the GU Ventures Incubator Program, outside the work presented in this paper. M.B. has consulted for Grifols, Araclon Biotech, Roche, Biogen, Lilly, Merck, Novo-Nordisk; has served in the Advisory Boards from Grifols, Roche, Lilly, Araclon Biotech, Merck, Biogen, Novo-Nordisk, Bioiberica, Eisai, Servier, Schwabe Pharma; received fees from lectures from Roche, Biogen, Grifols, Nutricia, Araclon Biotech, Novo-Nordisk, Eisai, Terumo, Schwabe Pharma; and reports research funding from Life Molecular Imaging, Bioiberica, Grifols, Araclon Biotech, Lilly, Roche, Janssen, Alzehon, Cortyzime, Novo Nordisk, Schwabe Pharma. M.M. has consulted for F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. and has served in the Spanish Scientific Advisory Board for biomarkers of Araclon Biotech. R.V.’s institution has clinical trial agreements (R.V. as PI) with Alector, AviadoBio, Biogen, BMS, Denali, EliLilly, J&J and UCB. R.V.’s institution has a consultancy agreement (R.V. as DSMB or DMC member) with AC Immune and Novartis. A.H. has acted as a consultant for Quanterix. CR is founder and majority shareholder at Scottish Brain Sciences. C.R. received Compensation for study-related activities on a per-patient per-visit basis by AC Immune SA to his institution. C.R. receives consulting fees from Biogen, Eisai, MSD, Actinogen, Roche, Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk. S.E. received research grants from EU Innovative Health Initiative (IHI), Interreg Vlaanderen-Nederland, EU Erasmus+ programme, Research Foundation Flanders (FWO), VLAIO, GSKE/FMRE (paid to institution), consulting fees from Icometrix, Novartis, Eisai (paid to institution), personal consulting fees from Roche and Biogen, personal honoraria from Eisai, Roche, travel support to institution from Biogen, Patent EP3452830B1 (institution), member of SMB/SAB for EU-H2020 project RECAGE (unpaid) and member of DSMB of PRImus-AD (unpaid), VP of Belgian Dementia Council (unpaid) and co-chair of European Alzheimer Disease Consortium (EADC) (unpaid).LMS has served as a consultant and on advisory boards for Biogen and Roche; has received honoraria for lectures and presentations from Biogen and Roche. S.E.S. has served on scientific advisory boards on biomarker testing and clinical care pathways for Eisai and Novo Nordisk and has received speaking fees for presentations on biomarker testing from Eisai, Eli Lilly, and Novo Nordisk. T.J.H. served as a Scientific Advisor for Vivid Genomics, serves as Deputy Editor for Alzheimer’s & Dementia: TRCI, and serves as Senior Associate Editor for Alzheimer’s & Dementia. A.L. has served as a consultant or on advisory boards for Almirall, Fujirebio-Europe, Roche, Biogen, Grifols, Novartis, Eisai, Lilly, and Nutricia, outside the submitted work. S.C.J. serves on advisory boards to AlzPath, Lilly and Enigma Biomedical. N.S. has been supported by NovoNordisk (local principal investigator in phase III international clinical trial; funding to the institution). The remaining authors declare no competing interests.