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Article History

Received: 29 August 2025

Accepted: 27 March 2026

First Online: 9 April 2026

Competing interests

: L.E.C. has acquired research support from GE Healthcare and Springer Healthcare (paid by Eli Lilly), both paid to the institution. Dr. Collij is supported by the MSCA Postdoctoral fellowship (#101108819) and Alzheimer Association Research Fellowship (#23AARF-1029663) grants. G.S. has received speaker fees from Springer and Adium. G.S. received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program under Marie Sklodowska-Curie action grant agreement number 101061836, an Alzheimer’s Association Research Fellowship (AARF-22-972612), the Brightfocus Foundation (A2024007F), the Alzheimerfonden (AF-980942, AF-994514, AF-1012218), Greta och Johan Kocks research grants and travel grants from the Strategic Research Area MultiPark (Multidisciplinary Research in Parkinson’s Disease) at Lund University. K.H. is an Eisai-sponsored voluntary research associate professor at Washington University and has received salary from Eisai. K.H., N.R.B., and R.J.B. may receive income based on technology (methods to detect MTBR-tau isoforms and use thereof) (PCT/US2020/046224) licensed by Washington University to C2N Diagnostics. K.H. and R.J.B. may receive income based on technology (anti-tau MTBR antibodies and methods to detect endogenously cleaved fragments of tau and uses thereof) (PCT/US2023/072738) licensed by Washington University to C2N Diagnostics. T.J.B. reported grants from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) during the conduct of the study and travel funding/fellowship from Alzheimer’s Association outside the submitted work. R.S. has received consultancy/speaker fees from Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk, Roche and Triolab. R.O. has received research funding from European Research Council, ZonMw, NWO, National Institute of Health, Alzheimer Association, Alzheimer Nederland, Stichting Dioraphte, Cure Alzheimer’s Fund, Health Holland, ERA PerMed, Alzheimerfonden, and Hjarnfonden (all paid to the institutions). R.O. has received research support from Avid Radiopharmaceuticals, Janssen Research & Development, Roche, Quanterix, and Optina Diagnostics, and has given lectures in symposia sponsored by GE Healthcare. He is an advisory board member for Asceneuron and Bristol Myers Squibb. All the aforementioned have been paid to the institutions. He is an editorial board member of Alzheimer’s Research & Therapy and the European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. S.P. has acquired research support (for the institution) from Ki Elements/ADDF and Avid. In the past 2 years, he has received consultancy/speaker fees from BioArtic, Eisai, Lilly, Novo Nordisk, and Roche. S.E.S. has served on scientific advisory boards on biomarker testing and clinical care pathways for Eisai and Novo Nordisk and has received speaking fees for presentations on biomarker testing from Eisai, Eli Lilly, and Novo Nordisk. N.M.-C. has received funding from the Swedish Research Council (2021-02219), the Swedish Alzheimer Foundation (AF-994229), WASP and DDLS Joint call for research projects (WASP/DDLS22-066), EU Join Programme Neurodegenerative Diseases (2019-03401), Family Rönnström Foundation, Family Berg Foundation, the Swedish federal government under the ALF agreement (2022-Projekt0107), the Swedish Brain Foundation (FO2023-0163), Konung Gustaf V:s och Drottning Victorias Frimurarestiftelse, Johan and Greta Kock Foundation, the Skåne University Hospital Foundation, Regionalt Forskningsstöd. He has received consultancy/speaker fees from Biogen, Owkin, and Merck. R.J.B. is an unpaid scientific advisory board member of Roche and Biogen, and receives research funding from Avid Radiopharmaceuticals, Janssen, Roche or Genentech, Eli Lilly, Eisai, Biogen, AbbVie, Bristol Myers Squibb, and Novartis. O.H. is an employee of Eli Lilly and Lund University. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.