Liu, Beibei https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5596-0355
Spalinger, Marianne R. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4498-0058
Invernizzi, Annalisa https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3380-8602
Gerdes, Eike
Steglich, Babett
Schwarzfischer, Marlene
Machicote, Andres
Pelczar, Penelope
Pöhlmann, Doris
Nawrocki, Mikolaj
Böttcher, Marius
Aleko, Ayob
Velasquez, Lis Noelia
Wende, Sandra
Stallbaum, Franziska
Neuendorff, Justus
Grosshauser, Saskia
Muscate, Franziska https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4639-4594
Douilhet, Gemma
Perez, Laura Garcia
Sabihi, Morsal
Möller, Katharina
Viehweger, Florian
Sutter, Jan P.
Kilian, Christoph
Kumar, Yogesh
Fründt, Thorben
Sauter, Guido
Rösch, Thomas
Gagliani, Nicola https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8514-1395
Caflisch, Amedeo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2317-6792
Scharl, Michael https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6729-1469
Huber, Samuel https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9325-8227
Article History
Received: 2 January 2024
Accepted: 30 March 2026
First Online: 18 April 2026
Competing interests
: M.S. has shares and is co-founder of Recolony AG, Zurich, CH and has shares in PharmaBiome AG, Zurich, CH. M.S. served as Advisor for Abbvie, Gilead, Fresenius, Topadur, Takeda, Roche and Celltrion. M.S. received speaker’s honoraria from Janssen, Falk Pharma, Vifor Pharma, Pileje and Bromatech. M.S. received research grants from Abbvie, Takeda, Gilead, Gnubiotics, Roche, Axalbion, Pharmabiome, Topadur, Basilea, MBiomics, Storm Therapeutics, LimmatTech, Zealand Pharma, NodThera, Calypso Biotech, Pileje, Herbodee, Vifor. S.H. served as Advisor for Abbvie and Janssen. S.H. received speaker’s honoraria from Abbvie, Janssen, Falk Pharma, Ferring, Galapagos. S.H. received an Ecco-Pfizer research grant. N.G. reports financial support from F. Hoffmann–La Roche and from GlaxoSmithKline (GSK); the support from GSK is for work unrelated to the topic of this manuscript. All support is administered via UKE. The remaining authors declare no competing interests