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Article History

Received: 29 January 2026

Accepted: 15 April 2026

First Online: 28 April 2026

Competing interests

: H.S. discloses receiving lecture fees, serving on boards, or providing consultancy for Carenity, AbbVie, Astellas, Danone, Ferring, Mayoly Spindler, MSD, Novartis, Roche, Tillots, Enterome, BiomX, Takeda, and Biocodex. Additionally, H.S. holds stocks in Enterome and is a co-founder of Exeliom Biosciences. The findings presented in this manuscript were not shared with these companies. E.M, D.S., P.R., and B.H. are employees of Exeliom Biosciences. E.L. department received grants from Abbvie, Takeda, Janssen, Pfizer, Fresenius-Kabi, Celltrion, EG pharma, Sandoz, Falk. E.L. received lecture fees, serving on boards, or providing consultancy for Abbvie, Takeda, Ferring, Pfizer, Janssen, Lilly, Galapagos, Celltrion, Arena, BMS, Falk, Biokuris, Fresenius-Kabi, Thabor. G.D. reports research grants from Abbvie, Alimentiv, BMS, J&J, Pfizer, Takeda; Consulting fees from Abbvie, Agomab, Alimentiv, AstraZeneca, AMT, Bristol Meiers Squibb, Boehringer Ingelheim, Celltrion, Eli Lilly, Exeliom Biosciences, Galapagos, Index Pharmaceuticals, Kaleido, Glaxo Smith Kline, Pfizer, Immunic, Johnson and Johnson, Mirador, Polpharma, Procise Diagnostics, Prometheus laboratories, Prometheus Biosciences, Progenity, Protagonist, Spyre, Ventyx; speaking fees from Abbvie, Arena, Boehringer Ingelheim, Celltrion, Galapagos, Gilead, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, BMS, Takeda. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.