Li, Yiming https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2111-3939
Wei, Cenfu https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3368-4974
Yang, Wenjing https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1541-1892
Wang, Hai
Robinson, Alan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2753-3133
Peshek, Isabella
Yu, Tianming https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1948-7280
Park, Jiwoon https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0045-1429
Ding, Jenny Yanyi
Hanauer, Stephen B.
Bellaguarda, Emanuelle
Yun, Laura
Sumagin, Ronen https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5689-1100
Yang, Guang-Yu
Mason, Christopher E. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1850-1642
Lewis, James D. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3107-3862
Fang, Deyu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4211-2751
Cong, Yingzi https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4167-7395
Luo, Yuan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0195-7456
Dulai, Parambir S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9514-2321
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK134321)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK135620)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK144103)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK138901)
Article History
Received: 14 May 2025
Accepted: 17 April 2026
First Online: 28 April 2026
Competing interests
: Bruker Spatial Biology (formerly NanoString) and 10x Genomics both provided in-kind and/or discounted reagents and material for the comparative study. Neither company was involved in the study design or conduct of experiments. Both companies were provided an opportunity to review data generated from their respective platforms through field application scientists and technical support to ensure validity of performance and provide input on data analyses. The authors declare no other competing interests.