Mansour, Neveen https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6666-3742
Takalo, Jouni https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1638-0808
Kemppainen, Joni
Bridges, Alice D.
MaBouDi, HaDi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7612-6465
Asgar Bohra, Ali
Anielska, Kaja
Vasas, Vera https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8538-0206
Robert, Théo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8475-4154
Yi Bu, Bruce
Shukla, Shashwat
Zhou, Yiyin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4618-4039
Kittelmann, Maike https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9710-1136
Ouwendijk, Joke
Mantell, Judith
Lawson, Matthew https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0115-1698
de Polavieja, Gonzalo https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5359-3426
Duke, Elizabeth
Lazar, Aurel A. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4261-8709
Verkade, Paul https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2497-1026
Chittka, Lars https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8153-1732
Juusola, Mikko https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4428-5330
Funding for this research was provided by:
RCUK | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/F012071/1, BB/D001900/1 and BB/H013849/1)
RCUK | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/P006094/1)
Leverhulme Trust (RPG-2024-016)
Jane and Aatos Erkko Foundation Fellowships
Horizon Europe Framework Programme grant NimbleAI - Ultra energy-efficient and secure neuromorphic sensing and processing at the endpoint
Article History
Received: 7 October 2025
Accepted: 15 April 2026
First Online: 5 May 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.