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Authors
Cheng, Xin https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9549-5918
Zhang, Yadong
Qian, Changli
Holdridge, Erica
Ananda, Guruprasad
Jiang, Tao
Ni, Jing https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4229-775X
Xie, Shaozhen
Gu, Hao https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0204-2875
Ji, Renlei
Ivanova, Elena V.
Nucci, Marisa R.
Wang, Zhe
Chen, Kaifu https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1009-4357
Kochupurakkal, Bose
Freeman, Gordon J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7210-5616
Shapiro, Geoffrey I. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3331-4095
Liu, Joyce
Konstantinopoulos, Panagiotis A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1032-1479
Matulonis, Ursula
Zhao, Jean J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4561-5688
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Cancer Institute (1P01CA269021-01A1)
Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (R35CA210057)
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Article History
Received: 1 March 2025
Accepted: 10 April 2026
First Online: 4 May 2026
Competing interests
: G.J.F. has patents/pending royalties related to the PD-L1/PD-1 pathway from Roche, Merck MSD, AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers-Squibb, Merck KGA, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Dako, Leica, Mayo Clinic, Eli Lilly, and Novartis. G.J.F. has served on advisory boards for iTeos, NextPoint, IgM, GV20, IOME, Bioentre, Santa Ana Bio, Simcere of America, and Geode and holds equity in Nextpoint, iTeos, IgM, Invaria, GV20, Bioentre, and Geode. G.I.S. receives research funding from Merck KGaA/EMD Serono, Artios, Eli Lilly, and Pfizer and has served on advisory boards for Merck KGaA/EMD Serono, Circle Pharmaceuticals, Concarlo Therapeutics, Schrodinger, FoRx Therapeutics, and MycRx. G.I.S. holds patents entitled “Dosage regimen for sapacitabine and seliciclib” and “Compositions and Methods for Predicting Response and Resistance to CDK4/6 inhibition”. J.J.Z. is a co-founder and director of Crimson BioPharma Inc. and Geode Therapeutics Inc. All these activities are not related to this work. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.
