Wang, Yijie
Zhang, Yue
Li, Ting
Chen, Chang https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5040-8547
Wang, Qimeng
Chen, Feipeng
Guo, Wei https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4018-986X
Li, Chunbao https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0708-891X
Deshpande, Siddharth https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7137-8962
Shum, Ho Cheung
van der Gucht, Jasper https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5525-8322
Dijksman, Joshua A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8337-1434
de Vries, Renko
Li, Xiufeng https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7615-4693
Dong, Weifu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7432-8362
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (52273089)
Article History
Received: 10 July 2025
Accepted: 17 April 2026
First Online: 11 May 2026
Competing interests
: The research presented in this paper is linked to a patent application in China (ZL202310958228.0). H.C.S. is a scientific advisor of PharmaEase Tech Limited, Upgrade Biopolymers Limited, Microdiagnostics Limited, and EN Technology Limited, and also the managing director of the research center, namely Advanced Biomedical Instrumentation Center Limited (ABIC). X.L. is a cofounder and scientific advisor of Upgrade Biopolymers Limited, an ABIC spin-off company commercializing plant-based alternative proteins and sustainable materials. The authors confirm that these relationships have not influenced the objectivity of the research presented herein.