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Authors
Guo, Yirui https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7705-5454
Shelby, Megan L.
D’haeseleer, Patrik
Pal, Sukumar
Slepenkin, Anatoli
Robinson, Beverly V. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0497-9634
Otwinowski, Zbyszek
Segelke, Brent W. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3358-5028
Coleman, Matthew A. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1389-4018
Borek, Dominika https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4321-6253
de la Maza, Luis M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6183-7053
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (75N93022C00035)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U19AI144184)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U19AI144184)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI032248)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI030499)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R35GM145365)
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Article History
Received: 17 October 2025
Accepted: 23 April 2026
First Online: 10 June 2026
Competing interests
: YG, DB, and ZO are co-founders of Ligo Analytics, a company that develops software for cryogenic electron microscopy. YG serves as the CEO and is currently employed by Ligo Analytics. ZO is a co-founder of HKL Research, a company that develops and distributes software for X-ray crystallography. A patent application related to this work has been filed on the use of the presented structural models and their features (Applicants: The Regents of the University of California and The Board of Regents of The University of Texas System; Inventors: Luis de la Maza, Dominika Borek, Zbyszek Otwinowski, and Yirui Guo; Application No.: PCT/US2025/051361; Status: pending). All remaining authors declare no competing interests.
