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Article History

Received: 24 July 2025

Accepted: 16 April 2026

First Online: 5 May 2026

Competing interests

: J.J.M. has served on advisory boards for Bristol-Myers Squibb, Takeda, AstraZeneca, Myovant, Kiniksa Pharmaceuticals, and BeiGene and has a patent pending for abatacept as treatment for immune-related adverse events. D.J. has served on advisory boards or as a consultant for Bristol-Myers Squibb, Catalyst Biopharma, Iovance, Janssen, Mallinckrodt, Merck, Mosaic ImmunoEngineering, Novartis, Oncosec, Pfizer, Targovax and Teiko; has received research funding from Bristol-Myers Squibb and Incyte; and has patents pending for the use of MHC-II as a biomarker for ICI response and for abatacept as treatment for immune-related adverse events. OO has served as a consultant and advisory-board member for Pfizer, Kite, Gilead, AbbVie, Janssen, TGR Therapeutics, ADC, Novartis, Allogene, Nektar, and Caribou. OO has received research support from Kite, Pfizer, Daiichi‑Sankyo, Allogene, Cargo, Caribou, Sana, and Century. In addition, OO has received honoraria from Pfizer and Gilead. M. Iqbal serves as a consultant for BMS and ADC therapeutics. Y.Lo. reported following COI: Consulting /Advisory Board activities: AstraZeneca (Honorarium to Mayo Clinic), Janssen Pharmaceutical, Lilly Oncology, Turning point therapeutics, Oncohost, Mirati Therapeutics (Honorarium to Mayo Clinic), Fennec Pharmaceuticals, Cardinal Health. Research funding from Merck, A2 Biotherapeutics, BMS, Elephas, Tolero Pharmaceuticals, Pyrotech Therapeutics, AstraZeneca, Novartis, Sun Pharma, Oric, Mirati Therapeutics, Boehringer Ingelheim, Genmab, Black Diamond Therapeutics, EMD Serono, Jacobio Pharma, Daiichi Sankyo, Verastem, Rayze Bio. All other authors declare no competing interests.