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Authors
Rijthoven, Mart van
Aswolinskiy, Witali
Tessier, Leslie https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9046-9862
Salgado, Roberto https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1110-3801
van der Laak, Jeroen https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7982-0754
Ciompi, Francesco https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8327-9606
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van Rijthoven, Mart
van der Laak, Jeroen
Balkenhol, Maschenka
Bogaerts, Joep M. A.
Drubay, Damien
Blesa, Laura Comerma
Peeters, Dieter
Stovgaard, Elisabeth Specht
Lænkholm, Anne-Vibeke
Haynes, Harry
Craciun, Ligia
Larsimont, Denis
Amgad, Mohamed T.
Cooper, Lee AD
de Kock, Cyril
Dechering, Valerie
Lotz, Johannes
Weiss, Nick
van Bockstal, Mieke
Galant, Christine
Lips, Esther
Horlings, Hugo M.
Wesseling, Jelle
Mulder, Lennart
van den Belt, Sandra
Weber, Karsten
Jank, Paul
Denkert, Carsten
Munari, Enrico
Bogina, Giuseppe
Russ, Chris
Lemm, Alex
Loi, Sherene
Dixon-Douglas, Julia
Michiels, Stefan
Donders, Rogier
Maurits, Scott
Groeneveld, Miriam
Mickan, Anne
Meakin, James
van Ginneken, Bram
Joensuu, Heikki
Fan, Ming
Lee, Daehong
Ye, Jaehyung
Byun, Kangwon
Kim, Jeongyeol
Xu, Shuoyu
Ji, Zheng
Xie, Feng
Kuang, Jinbo
Chen, Xulin
Chen, Liliang
Arab, Arian
Chen, Weijie
Garcia, Victor
Petrick, Nicholas
Gallas, Brandon
Tsakiroglou, Anna Maria
Byers, Richard
Fergie, Martin
Ramanathan, Vishwesh
Martel, Anne L.
Shephard, Adam
Ahmed Raza, Shan E.
Jahanifar, Mostafa
Rajpoot, Nasir M.
Cho, Sungduk
Kim, Dong-Hee
Jang, Hyungjoon
Park, Chanmin
Kim, Kyungdoc
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
KWF Kankerbestrijding (11917)
EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (825292)
Innovative Medicines Initiative (945358)
NWO (Dutch Research Council), Grant reference number 18388
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Article History
Received: 14 November 2025
Accepted: 23 April 2026
First Online: 15 May 2026
Competing interests
: F.C. was Chair of the Scientific and Medical Advisory Board of TRIBVN Healthcare, France, and received advisory board fees from TRIBVN Healthcare, France, in the last five years. He is a shareholder of Aiosyn BV, the Netherlands. M.B. is medical advisor at Aiosyn BV. J.vdL. was a member of the advisory boards of Philips, the Netherlands and ContextVision, Sweden, and received research funding from Philips, the Netherlands, ContextVision, Sweden, and Sectra, Sweden in the last five years. He is chief scientific officer (CSO) and shareholder of Aiosyn BV, the Netherlands. R.S. reports non-financial support from Merck, Case 45 and Bristol Myers Squibb; research support from Merck, Puma Biotechnology and Roche; personal fees from Roche, BMS, AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo and Exact Sciences for advisory boards. S.L. receives research funding from Novartis, Bristol Myers Squibb, Puma Biotechnology, AstraZeneca/Daiichi Sankyo, Roche-Genentech and Seattle Genetics. S.L. has acted as consultant to Roche-Genentech, MSD, Gilead Sciences, AstraZeneca/Daiichi Sankyo, Bristol Myers Squibb, Novartis, Eli Lilly, Amaroq Therapeutics, Mersana Therapeutics, Domain Therapeutics, BioNTech, Bicycle Therapeutics, Exact Sciences. S.L. holds stock of Bicycle Therapeutics. L.C.B. reports receiving personal fees from Roche, MSD, AstraZeneca and Diaceutics, non-financial support from Roche, MSD, AstraZeneca and Phillips and held advisory roles for Roche and AstraZeneca. M.vB. served on advisory boards for AstraZeneca and Sakura, and received research funding from Roche Diagnostics, all unrelated to the present work. She also received funding from the not-for-profit organization ‘Foundation Against Cancer’ (grant number 2019-089) and the Fondation Saint-Luc. H.J. reports grants or contracts from Mersana Therapeutics and Defense Therapeutics, consulting fees from Orion Pharma, patents planned, issues or pending with Sartar Therapeutics, advisory board role in Orion Pharma, position in the board of Maud Kuistila Foundation and stock ownership of Orion Pharma and Sartar Therapeutics. A.M. is co-founder and CSO of Pathcore. N.M.R. is the co-founder, CEO, and CSO, as well as a shareholder of Histofy Ltd. He is also the GSK Chair of Computational Pathology and is in receipt of research funding from GSK and AstraZeneca. The authors affiliated with VUNO Inc. conducted this research while employed at VUNO Inc., and their contributions to this study were part of their professional responsibilities at the company. S.X., Z.J., F.X. and J.K. are all employees of Bio-totem Pte Ltd, and S.X. is also a shareholder of Bio-totem. AMT is a co-founder and Chief Scientific Officer of Spotlight Pathology Ltd. C.D. reports other support from MSD Oncology, personal fees from Daiichi Sankyo and AstraZeneca, and grants from Myriad Genetics and German Breast Group outside the submitted work; he also reports an invention and patents not strictly related to the work presented in this manuscript: an invention for VMscope digital pathology software with royalties paid (company: VMscope Berlin together with Charité University Hospital, Berlin; no patent filed), a patent for WO2020109570A1 issued (institution(s): GBG Forschungs GmbH (DE), Univ. Berlin Charite (DE); inventors: Denker Carsten, Sinn Bruno, Loibl Sibylle, Weber Karsten, Karn Thomas; status: issued; number: WO2020109570A1), a patent for WO2015114146A1 issues (inventors: Jan Christoph Brase, Ralf Kronenwett, Gunter Von Minckwitz, Sibylle Loibl, Stephan Gade, Carsten Denkert, Silvia Darb-Esfahani, Christos Sotiriou, Sherene Loi, institution: Sividon Diagnostics GmbH; status: issued; number: WO2015114146A1), and a patent for WO2010076322A1 issued (inventor(s): Ralf Kronenwett, Christian von Törne, Jan Budczies, Carsten Denkert, Manfred Dietel, Martina Komor, Sibylle Loibl, Marc Roller, Gunther Von Minckwitz; institution: Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Inc; status: issued; number: WO2010076322A1). P.J. reports grants and travel expenses from Gilead Sciences GmbH outside the submitted work. All other authors declare no conflict of interest.
