Liu, Shuo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1182-6572
Liang, Jiashun https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4328-1650
Kaufman, Jonas L. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0814-9462
Jiang, Qike https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8060-2935
Wierzbicki, Dominik https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0558-7405
Tung, Kang-Lan https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3853-3963
Chen, Kaiwen
Sun, Haolan https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9020-1036
Xuan, Zhengxi
Khan, Mohd Ashhar
Song, Chengyu
Kang, Shinyoung https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9035-8169
Chen, Wei https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1135-7721
Wu, Gang https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0885-6172
Urban, Jeffrey J. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4909-2869
Swihart, Mark T. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9652-687X
Dun, Chaochao https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3215-6478
Funding for this research was provided by:
DOE | Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy | Building Technologies Office (DEEE-0008675)
DOE | National Energy Technology Laboratory (DE-FE0032209)
NSF | ENG/OAD | Division of Chemical, Bioengineering, Environmental, and Transport Systems (CBET-1804996)
DOE | SC | Basic Energy Sciences (DE-AC52-07NA27344)
DOE | SC | Basic Energy Sciences (DE-SC0012704)
DOE | SC | Basic Energy Sciences (DE-AC02-05CH11231)
NSF | Directorate for Mathematical & Physical Sciences | Division of Materials Research (DMR-2427094)
Article History
Received: 13 September 2025
Accepted: 29 April 2026
First Online: 11 May 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.