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Article History

Received: 18 November 2025

Accepted: 28 April 2026

First Online: 4 June 2026

Competing interests

: C.M.W. and G.Y. are employees and stockholders of Guardant Health. E.A. reports honoraria from Sandoz and Seagen and consulting fees from AstraZeneca and Novartis. M.B.N. reports speaker honoraria and consulting fees from Novartis and Exact Sciences, outside the scope of the submitted work. L.L.S. reports participation on scientific advisory boards for Merck, Pfizer, AstraZeneca, Roche, GlaxoSmithKline, Voronoi, Arvinas, Navire, Relay, Daiichi Sankyo, Amgen, Marengo, Medicenna, Tubulis, LTZ Therapeutics, Pangea, and Break Through Cancer; institutional clinical trial support from Novartis, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pfizer, Boehringer-Ingelheim, GlaxoSmithKline, Roche/Genentech, AstraZeneca, Merck, Celgene, Astellas, Bayer, AbbVie, Amgen, Symphogen, Mirati, BioNTech, 23andMe, and EMD Serono; stock ownership by a spouse in Agios; and leadership roles held by a spouse at Treadwell Therapeutics. P.L.B. reports institutional research funding from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Bicara, Bristol Myers Squibb, Genentech/Roche, Gilead, GlaxoSmithKline, Lilly/Loxo, Medicenna, Merck, Nektar, Novartis, PTC Therapeutics, Sanofi, Seagen, Servier, SignalChem Life Sciences, Takeda, and Zymeworks, and uncompensated honoraria or consultancy from Zymeworks, Lilly, Seattle Genetics, Merck, Amgen, Gilead, Janssen, and Repare. M.J.E. reports honoraria or consultancy from Gilead, Knight Therapeutics, and Roche. DWC reports consultancy and advisory relationships with AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, Exact Sciences, GenomeRx, Gilead, GlaxoSmithKline, Inivata/NeoGenomics, Knight Therapeutics, Lilly, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche and SAGA; research funding to their institution from AstraZeneca, GenomeRx, Guardant Health, Grail, Gilead, GlaxoSmithKline, Inivata/NeoGenomics, Knight, Merck, PearBio, Pfizer, ProteinQure, RayzeBio and Roche and SAGA. All other authors declare no competing interests.