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Article History

Received: 24 September 2025

Accepted: 27 April 2026

First Online: 15 May 2026

Competing interests

: L.T. is funded by an NIHR Research Professorship, NIHR302405. A.A. receives his salary from the postdoc mobility grant of the Swiss National Science Foundation (#P500PM_221961). B.G. has received research funding from the Bennett Foundation, the Laura and John Arnold Foundation, the NHS NIHR, the NIHR School of Primary Care Research, NHS England, the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, the Mohn-Westlake Foundation, NIHR Applied Research Collaboration Oxford and Thames Valley, the Wellcome Trust, the Good Thinking Foundation, Health Data Research UK, the Health Foundation, the World Health Organisation, UKRI MRC, Asthma UK, the British Lung Foundation, and the Longitudinal Health and Wellbeing strand of the National Core Studies programme; he has previously been a Non-Executive Director at NHS Digital; he also receives personal income from speaking and writing for lay audiences on the misuse of science. B.M.K. is also employed by NHS England, working on medicines policy and clinical lead for primary care medicines data. A.M. has represented the RCGP in the health informatics group and the Profession Advisory Group that advises on access to GP Data for Pandemic Planning and Research (GDPPR); the latter was a paid role. A.M. is a former employee and interim Chief Medical Officer of NHS Digital. A.M. has consulted for healthcare vendors, the last time in 2022; the companies consulted in the last 3 years have no relationship to OpenSAFELY. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.