Ingram, Sarah J. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7266-4162
Ramachandruni, Srimann
Carreras-Gallo, Natalia
Dwaraka, Varun B.
Smith, Ryan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7362-8753
Hettema, John M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0105-9034
van den Oord, Edwin J.C.G https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2701-4405
Clark, Shaunna L. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3193-6923
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (5R01AA030116)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (5R01AA030116)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (5R01HD104297)
Article History
Received: 20 July 2025
Accepted: 6 May 2026
First Online: 1 June 2026
Competing interests
: Natalia Carreras-Gallo, Varun B. Dwaraka, and Ryan Smith are employees of TruDiagnostic. TruDiagnostic generated the DNAm data. Investigators from TruDiagnostic contributed to the paper as described in the contributions above. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.