Boyle, Nina R. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0901-3775
Sekela, Josh J.
Wang, Mingxun https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7647-6097
Mannochio-Russo, Helena https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4961-2353
Pyo, Jeong Joo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7240-021X
Kim, Min Soo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3322-9448
Tian, Shuchang
Koo, Imhoi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5816-0627
Friedman, Elliot S. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0050-4965
Tanes, Ceylan
Anitha, Mallappa
Tian, Yuan
Morgan, Ethan W.
Murray, Iain A.
Zackular, Joseph P. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3228-3055
Bittinger, Kyle https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3472-5934
Lewis, James D. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3107-3862
Perdew, Gary H.
Wu, Gary D. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1829-8795
Zemel, Babette S.
Dorrestein, Pieter C. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3003-1030
Bisanz, Jordan E. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8649-1706
Redinbo, Matthew R. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0814-5346
Patterson, Andrew D. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2073-0070
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | NIH Office of the Director (S10OD021750)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (R35 ES035027)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (ES028244)
United States Department of Agriculture | National Institute of Food and Agriculture (Project PEN047702 and accession number 7006412)
United States Department of Agriculture | National Institute of Food and Agriculture (Project PEN04607 and Accession number 7000371)
Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (F31 DK134090)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (5U24DK133658-02)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (5U24DK133658-02)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (T32 DK120509)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (T32 DK120509)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIH P30DK050306)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (5U24DK133658-02)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK139249)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (F31 AI183815)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R35 GM151045)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM152079)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R35GM138369)
Article History
Received: 9 January 2026
Accepted: 8 May 2026
First Online: 20 May 2026
Competing interests
: P.C.D. is an advisor and holds equity in Cybele, Sirenas, and BileOmix, and he is a scientific co-founder, advisor, holds equity and/or receives income from Ometa, Enveda, and Arome with prior approval by UC San Diego. P.C.D. consulted for DSM Animal Health in 2023. M.R.R. is a founder of Symberix, Inc., and has received funding from Merck and Lilly. M.W. is a co-founder of Ometa Labs LLC. G.D.W. is a member of advisory boards for Danone, BioCodex, and the Institute for the Advancement of Food and Nutrition Sciences. He has also received research funding from Nestle. J.P.Z. has previously consulted for Vedanta Biosciences, Inc., and AstraZeneca. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.