Ball, Ranadeb https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4473-3949
Johnson, Christopher W.
Zhang, Lizhu https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9295-5900
Hopkins, Rebecca N.
Hwang, Junkyu
Winey, Karen I. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5856-3410
Patel, Amish J. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6482-543X
Osuji, Chinedum O. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0261-3065
Anna, Jessica M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5440-6987
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Science Foundation (2437814)
National Science Foundation (2223705)
National Science Foundation (2309043)
Vagelos Institute of Energy Science and Technology at the University of Pennsylvania
Article History
Received: 18 June 2025
Accepted: 18 May 2026
First Online: 27 May 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.