Cao, Qianying https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7570-012X
Liu, Shanqing
Varghese, Alan John
Darbon, Jérôme
Triantafyllou, Michael S.
Karniadakis, George Em https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9713-7120
Article History
Received: 19 June 2025
Accepted: 15 May 2026
First Online: 2 June 2026
Competing interests
: G.E.K. provides technical advice on the direction of machine learning to PredictiveIQ and is a co-founder of PhinyxAI. The rest of the authors declare no competing interests.