Liu, Shujie https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3179-1364
Zhao, Sheng
Sun, Qi https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3613-2774
Liu, Quanyi
Zhang, Yihong
Li, Yixuan
Jiang, Lifeng
Li, Tong https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2341-3372
Cao, Jianan
Wang, Jiansen https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6865-0267
Zhao, Jingyuan
Cui, Xiaomiao
Zhang, Jingjing https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1041-793X
Ren, Xinkun https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6645-9074
Du, Yan
Zheng, Liming https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7939-2152
Jiang, Qing https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2552-9686
Article History
Received: 24 April 2024
Accepted: 20 May 2026
First Online: 11 June 2026
Competing interests
: H.W., S.L., and L.Z. are inventors on a granted patent (CN116942900B) related to the design and application of prosthetic materials described in this manuscript. The patent applicant is Nanjing University. All other authors declare no competing interests.