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Authors
Nyerges, Akos https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1581-490X
Chiappino-Pepe, Anush https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3993-907X
Budnik, Bogdan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3622-2003
Baas-Thomas, Maximilien https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9821-9585
Rhuby, Elissa
Flynn, Regan
Yan, Shirui
Ostrov, Nili
Liu, Min
Wang, Meizhou
Zheng, Qingmei
Hu, Fangxiang
Chen, Kangming
Rudolph, Alexandra
Chen, Dawn https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8127-6014
Ahn, Jenny https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3912-7162
Spencer, Owen
Ayalavarapu, Venkat
Tarver, Angela
Harmon-Smith, Miranda https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3980-1820
Hamilton, Matthew
Blaby, Ian https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1631-3154
Yoshikuni, Yasuo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8372-640X
Hajian, Behnoush
Jin, Adeline
Kintses, Balint https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0844-0310
Szamel, Monika
Seregi, Viktoria
Shen, Yue https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3276-7295
Li, Zilong
Church, George M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6232-9969
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (1K99EB035165-01)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (5K99EB035165-02)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (4R00EB035165-03)
European Molecular Biology Organization (LTF 160-2019 Long-Term fellowship)
DOE | Office of Science (DE-AC02-05CH11231)
DOE | Office of Science (DE-AC02-05CH11231)
DOE | Office of Science (DE-AC02-05CH11231)
DOE | Office of Science (DE-AC02-05CH11231)
JGI DNA Synthesis Program grant
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Article History
Received: 1 December 2025
Accepted: 3 June 2026
First Online: 22 June 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare the following competing interests: A.N. is an inventor on a granted patent related to directed evolution with random genomic mutations (DIvERGE) used in this study (US10669537B2: Mutagenizing Intracellular Nucleic Acids, Patent applicant: Biological Research Center) that has been outlicensed. Harvard Medical School has filed a provisional patent application related to the construction of Ec_Syn57 in this work (US provisional application 63/560,144, Patent applicant: President and Fellows of Harvard College), on which A.N. and G.M.C. are listed as inventors. Q.Z., M.W., M.L., A.J., K.C., Z.L., and F.H. are employed by GenScript USA Inc., but the company had no role in designing or executing experiments. G.M.C. is a founder of GRO Biosciences and EnEvolv (now part of Ginkgo Bioworks), in which he has related financial interests. Other potentially relevant financial and non-financial interests of G.M.C. are listed at . The remaining authors declare no competing interests.
