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Authors
Hoffman, Katherine L.
Marshall, Grace
Frivold, Collrane https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2000-5429
Acker, Zack
Arnould, Isabel S.
Babu, Tara M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7093-4077
Barnes, Sarina R.
Briggs-Hagen, Melissa
Casto, Amanda https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8332-8578
Clark, Erica
Cox, Sarah N. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2447-0504
Drummond, Mark https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2678-9310
Ehmen, Brenna
Englund, Janet A. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1134-4178
Gamboa, Luis
Greninger, Alexander L. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7443-0527
Grindstaff, Sally
Grioni, Hanna https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8579-032X
Han, Peter
Hatchie, Tara
Hollcroft, Madison
Kuntz, Jennifer L.
Lo, Natalie K.
Lockwood, Christine M.
McAllister, Kaden D. https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5594-3370
McCormick, Carter J.
MacMillan, Melissa P.
Midgley, Claire M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5196-4713
Nguyen, Daniel
Plumb, Ian D.
Reed, Jonathan C. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4425-7636
Reich, Sacha
Roychoudhury, Pavitra https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4567-8232
Schmidt, Mark
Starita, Lea M. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2870-5099
Stone, Jeremy https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7565-2463
Varga, Alexandra
Weil, Ana A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6170-4306
Wolock, Charles J. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3527-1102
Yetz, Neil
Gilbert, Peter B. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2662-9427
Naleway, Allison L.
Chu, Helen Y. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8502-9600
Carone, Marco https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2106-0953
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (75D30120C09322 AM002)
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Article History
Received: 18 December 2025
Accepted: 11 June 2026
First Online: 18 July 2026
Ethics
Competing interests: T.M.B. reported being on an advisory board for Sanofi. S.N.C. is an employee of Pfizer and may receive stock or stock options. J.A.E. reported consulting with AbbVie, Sanofi Pasteur, Moderna, Meissa Vaccines, AstraZeneca, and Pfizer, Inc. outside of the submitted work, and has received research funding from AstraZeneca, Merck, GlaxoSmithKline, Moderna, Shionogi, and Pfizer. A.L.G. reports contract testing to UW from Abbott, Cepheid, Novavax, Pfizer, Janssen, and Hologic, research support from Gilead, outside of the described work. J.L.K. reported research funding not related to the submitted work from Pfizer, Novartis, and Vir Biotechnology. C.M.L. reported being on the Scientific Advisory Board for LGC group. I.D.P. is an employee of Pfizer and may receive stock or stock options; contribution to this work was part of a previous affiliation. P.R. reported contract to UW from Aicuris and honoraria from the Gates Discovery Center not related to the submitted work. A.A.W. reported research funding not related to the submitted work from Pfizer. P.B.G. reported consulting with MinervaX and Curevo, and membership on vaccine scientific advisory boards for MinervaX, Curevo, Sanofi, Moderna, and AstraZeneca, outside of the submitted work, and has received research funding from Sanofi (contract to institution). H.Y.C. has served on advisory boards for Roche, Vir, and Merck. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.
