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Authors
Qin, Tingting https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3810-7578
Bogle, Rachael https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3544-3023
Jiang, Rundong https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8296-4912
Sarkar, Mrinal K. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8505-4259
Cai, Yuli https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7964-7651
Gharaee-Kermani, Mehrnaz https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2177-2427
Fox, Jennifer
Xing, Xianying
Marella, Sahiti
Nakamura, Mio
Maverakis, Emanual https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6294-6294
Le, Stephanie T.
Merleev, Alexander A.
Marusina, Alina I.
Simpson, Cory L. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3933-6404
Parihar, Arti
Hill, Connor
Li, He
Kahlenberg, J. Michelle https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4006-8945
Waterworth, Dawn M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9226-1317
Sabins, Nina
Miller, Lloyd S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8332-2210
Freeman, Tom C.
Leung, Monica WL
Polak, Marta E. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-476X
Tsoi, Lam C. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1627-5722
Billi, Allison C. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7115-9113
Gudjonsson, Johann E. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0080-0812
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (1P30AR075043)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (UC2 AR081033)
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Article History
Received: 19 July 2025
Accepted: 30 June 2026
First Online: 14 July 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare the following competing interests. J.E.G. has served as a consultant to AbbVie, Eli Lilly, Almirall, Celgene, BMS, Janssen, Prometheus, TimberPharma, Galderma, Novatis, MiRagen, AnaptysBio and has received research support from AbbVie, SunPharma, Eli Lilly, Kyowa Kirin, Almirall, Celgene, BMS, Janssen, Prometheus, and TimberPharma. L.C.T. has received support from Galderma and Janssen. J.M.K. has received grant support from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Ventus Therapeutics, Rome Therapeutics, and Janssen. J.M.K. has consulted and/or served on advisory boards for AstraZeneca, Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, EMD Serano, Exo Therapeutics, Integer Bio, Vividion, Gilead, GlaxoSmithKline, Novartis, Related Biosciences, Aurinia Pharmaceuticals, Rome Therapeutics, and Ventus Therapeutics. M.N. has served as a consultant to Boerhringer-Ingelheim, served on the advisory board for Argenx, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, and Regeneron, and received research support from Regeneron. E.M., S.T.L., A.A.M, A.I.M. are employees of PHYSIOSQ. C.H., H.L., D.W., N.S., L.S.M., T.C.F., M.W.L., and M.E.P. are employees of Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine and may own stock in Johnson & Johnson. C.L.S. has served as a consultant to Almirall, argenx, Krystal Biotech, LEO Pharma, and Mitsubishi-Tanabe Pharma. All other authors declare no competing interests.
