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Authors
Fincke, Victoria E. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7488-6885
Loßner, Maurice
Kunstreich, Marina
Reitsam, Nic G. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0070-3158
Sax, Irmengard
Mucha, Marlena https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9009-3383
Dorn, Felix
Helmschrott, Lorenz C.
Hernandez Ramirez, Maria D.
Dintner, Sebastian https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0530-0673
Okonechnikov, Konstantin
Sill, Martin https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7616-7665
Oehme, Ina https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0827-2356
Peterziel, Heike https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9261-7144
Blanco-Carmona, Enrique https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1208-1691
Sipos, Eva
Wudy, Stefan
Slavetinsky, Christoph
Fuchs, Jörg
Märkl, Bruno
Jüttner, Eva
Vokuhl, Christian
Frühwald, Michael C. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8237-1854
Redlich, Antje https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1732-1869
Pfister, Stefan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5447-5322
Schlesner, Matthias https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5896-4086
Claus, Rainer https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2617-8766
Kuhlen, Michaela
Johann, Pascal D. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8857-6148
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Deutsche Krebshilfe
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Article History
Received: 11 December 2025
Accepted: 20 August 2026
First Online: 14 September 2026
Ethics
Competing interests: Martin Sill is co-founder, shareholder, and, since July 2024, full-time employee of Heidelberg Epignostix. Stefan Pfister reports to receive consulting fees from Epignostix GmbH and BioSkryb. Martin Sill and Stefan Pfister are named inventors on two patents relevant to the general methodology used in this work: Patent 1: EP application no. EP16710700.2 (granted as EP3268492B1; PCT publication WO2016142533A1), “DNA-methylation based method for classifying tumor species.” Applicant: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and University of Heidelberg. Inventors: S. Pfister, A. von Deimling, D.T.W. Jones, D. Capper, V. Hovestadt, M. Sill, M. Bewerunge-Hudler and M. Schick. Status: granted. Patent 2: EP application no. EP22856839.0 (publication EP4384959A2; PCT publication WO2023019254A2), “Method for classification of cancer.” Applicant: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and University of Heidelberg. Inventors: M. Sill, S. Pfister, D.T.W. Jones, A. von Deimling, D. Capper, V. Hovestadt, F. Sahm and D. Schrimpf. Status: pending. Both patents cover the general methodology of tumor classification using a random forest classifier trained on genome-wide DNA methylation data. This general methodology underlies, but is not identical to, the pACT-specific methylation classifier newly developed in this manuscript. The patents are held by DKFZ and the University of Heidelberg. The other authors declare no conflicts of interest.
