Document is current

Article History

Received: 2 March 2026

Accepted: 24 August 2026

First Online: 5 September 2026

Ethics

Competing interests: T.F.C. is cofounder, major stock holder, consultant and board member of Katmai Pharmaceuticals, holds stock for Erasca, member of the board and paid consultant for the 501c3 Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, holds stock in Chimerix and receives milestone payments and possible future royalties, member of the scientific advisory board for Break Through Cancer, member of the scientific advisory board for Cure Brain Cancer Foundation, has provided paid consulting services to Third Rock, Symbio, Mundipharma, Tango BlueRock, Vida Ventures, Lista Therapeutics, Stemline, Novartis, Roche, Sonalasense, Sagimet, Clinical Care Options, Ideology Health, Servier, Jubilant, Immvira, Gan & Lee, BrainStorm, Katmai, Sapience, Inovio, Vigeo Therapeutics, DNATrix, Tyme, SDP, Kintara, Bayer, Merck, Boehinger Ingelheim, VBL, Amgen, Kiyatec, Bayer, Abbvie, VBI, Deciphera, VBL, Agios, Novocure, Medscape and has contracts with UCLA for the Brain Tumor Program with Servier, Roche, VBI, Merck, Novartis, BMS, In8bio. The Regents of the University of California (T.F.C. employer) has licensed intellectual property co-invented by T.F.C. to Katmai Pharmaceuticals. P.W. receives research support from Astra Zeneca, Black Diamond, Bristol Myers Squibb, Chimerix, Eli Lily, Erasca, Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Kazia, MediciNova, Merck, Novartis, Quadriga, Servier, VBI Vaccines; is an Advisory Board/Consultant to Anheart, Astra Zeneca, Black Diamond, Celularity, Day One Bio, Genenta, Glaxo Smith Kline, Kintara, Merck, Mundipharma, Novartis, Novocure, Sapience, Servier, Symbio, Tango, Telix. R.B. receives funding from Novartis; is a consultant for Scorpion Therapeutics. B.M.E. is a paid consultant and advisor for Alpheus Medical, Inc., Autem Therapeutics, Carthera, Chimerix Inc., Ellipses Pharma, Erasca, Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (GCAR), Imaging Endpoints, Medicenna, Medscape/WebMD, MeritCRO, Monteris, Neosoma, Nerviano Medical Sciences, Nuvation Bio, Orbus Therapeutics, Sagimet Biosciences, Sapience Therapeutics, Servier Pharmaceuticals, SonALAsense, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Oncology, Telix, Third Rock Ventures, and Voiant. B.M.E. has received grant funding from Siemens. D.A.R. has received consulting fees from: AnHeart Pharmaceuticals; BlueRock Therapeutics LP; CeCaVaGmbH & Co.KG; Chimeric Therapeutics; Enterome; Genenta Sciences; Jupiter Life Sciences Consulting, LLC; Kintara; Miltenyi Biomedicine GmbH; Neuvogen; Servier; WebMD; Paradigm Medical Communications; Putnam Inizii Associates, LLC. He owns stock from AnHeart Therapeutics and Bionaut Labs. He serves on a Data Safety Monitoring Board for ImVax and CeCaVaGmbH. The remaining authors declare no competing interests. L.N.G.C. receives research support from Merck & Co, Genentech, and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, as well as honoraria from Elsevier, BMJ Best Practice, Oakstone Publishing, Prime Education, Medscape, and Servier. L.N. is a paid consultant for Ono, Deciphera, Brave Bio, Curis, Genmab; has served on advisory board for Ono, Deciphera, Curis, Miltenyi, Kite/Gilead, SERB Pharmaceuticals; has received honoraria from Ono, Astra Zeneca; receives royalties from Wolters Kluwer (UpToDate); received payments for expert testimony from the U.S. DOJ and Versed; receives institutional clinical trial research support from Merck, Bristol Myers Squibb, Astra Zeneca, Kazia, Ono, Curis. A.V.d.A. has served as a member of the Imaging Scientific Advisory Board and a consultant for ImaginAb. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.