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Authors
Kitani, Tomoya
Matoba, Satoaki
Naito, Yuji
Horvath, Steve
Yoshimori, Tamotsu
Chan, Francis K. L.
Matsuda, Tomoo
Bandini, Stefania
Nakagami, Hironori
Morishita, Ryuichi
Nakayama, Yasushi
Yaku, Hitoshi
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Article History
Received: 10 August 2025
Accepted: 27 September 2025
First Online: 18 November 2025
Competing interests
: The Regents of the University of California are the sole owner of patents and patent applications directed at epigenetic biomarkers for which Steve Horvath is a named inventor; S.H. is a founder and paid consultant of the non-profit Epigenetic Clock Development Foundation that licenses these patents. S.H. is a Principal Investigator at the Altos Labs, Cambridge Institute of Science. F.C. is a co-founder, non-executive Board Chairman, and non-executive scientific advisor of both GenieBiome Limited and MicroSigX Biotech Diagnostic Limited. The Department of Health Development and Medicine is an endowed department supported by Anges, Daicel, and Funpep. The Department of Clinical Gene Therapy is financially supported by Novartis, AnGes, Shionogi, Boeringher, Fancl, Saisei Mirai Clinics, Rohto, and Funpep. R.M. is a stockholder of AnGes, and R.M. and H.N. are scientific advisers and stockholders of Funpep. All other authors declare no competing interests.
