Niu, Zheng
Xu, Jingyi
Hou, Xinfeng
Liu, Guanglei
Yao, Junhu
Cao, Yangchun
Du, Qian
Tong, Dewen
Wu, Shengru
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (32272966)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (32573272)
Chinese Universities Scientific Fund (2452023072)
National Center of Technology Innovation for Dairy (2024-KFKT-031)
General Project of the Natural Science Foundation of Xi'an, Shaanxi Province (2025JH-ZRKX-0639)
Article History
Received: 4 January 2026
Accepted: 25 April 2026
First Online: 7 May 2026
Competing interests
: S.W. is Guest Editor of npj Biofilms and Microbiomes but was not involved in the journal’s review of, or decisions related to, this manuscript. The other authors declare no competing interests.