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Article History

Received: 22 March 2025

Accepted: 22 July 2025

First Online: 7 August 2025

Competing interests

: M.B. received honoraria from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, Eli Lilly, Gilead, Menarini, MSD, Novartis, Pierre Fabre, Pfizer, Roche, Seagen, Stemline, travel funding from BMS, Daiichi Sankyo, MSD, Roche, Pierre Fabre, and research funding from Astra Zeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, Novartis, and Pfizer. P.J.J. has had a consulting or advisory role, received honoraria, research funding, and/or travel/accommodation expenses from Astra Zeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novartis, Pfizer, Servier, Roche, BMS and Celgene, Pierre Fabre, Janssen/Johnson&Johnson, MSD, Merck, Sanofi/Aventis, Ipsen, Amgen, Cycuria Therapeutics, Vessel. G.R. received honoraria from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, Eli Lilly, Gilead, MSD, Novartis, Roche, Seagen, Stemline, BMS, Consulting or Advisory Role from AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, Eli Lilly, Gilead, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Stemline, and travel support from Amgen, Daiichi Sankyo, Gilead, Roche. R.B. received honoraria from Amgen, Astra-Zeneca, BMS, Daichi, Eisai, Eli-Lilly, Gilead, Gruenenthal, MSD, MedMedia, Novartis, Pfizer, Pierre-Fabre, Roche, Seagen, Stemline, travel support from Astra-Zeneca, Daiichi, Eli-Lilly, MSD, Novartis, Stemline and Research Support from Daiichi. N.D. received travel/accommodation expenses from Daiichi Sankyo. A.M.S. received honoraria for lectures from AstraZeneca and travel and congress registration support from PharmaMar, MSD, Lilly, AstraZeneca, and Stemline Menarini. D.E. received honoraria from AstraZeneca, Gilead Sciences, Daiichi Sankyo, Pfizer, Roche/Genentech, Novartis, Lilly, Sirius Medical, Menarini Group, Consulting or Advisory Role from AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, Gilead Sciences, Novartis, Lilly, Menarini Group, MSD, Roche/Genentech, research funding from Sirius Medical, travel/accommodation expenses from Daiichi Sankyo, Pfizer, and Menarini Group. E.V.K. received honoraria/travel support from AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, Lilly, Gilead, Novartis, Roche, Stemline, and Pierre Fabre. E.H. received unrelated funding from Illumina, Roche, Servier, and PreAnalytiX, and received honoraria from Roche, Astra Zeneca and Incyte for advisory boards, not related to our study. C.S. has received honoraria from Astra-Zeneca, Daichi Sankyo, Eli-Lilly, Gilead, Novartis, Pfizer, Pierre-Fabre, Roche, Stemline-Menarini, travel support from Daiichi Sanyo, Eli-Lilly, MSD, Novartis, Roche. All other authors have declared no conflict of interest.

: This study was approved by the Austrian ethics committees (approval number 32–415 ex 19/20 for the Medical University of Graz, 1495/2023 for the Medical University of Vienna, and 1164/2022 for the Medical University of Innsbruck). Written informed consent was obtained from all patients. All procedures adhered to the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki and the guidelines for good scientific practice required by the Medical University of Graz.

: All contributing authors read and approved the manuscript.

: All patients provided written informed consent.