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Article History

Received: 10 April 2025

Accepted: 3 August 2025

First Online: 2 October 2025

Competing interests

: J. Cortes: Honoraria (self), Advisory/Consultancy, Research grant/Funding (institution), Travel/Accommodation/Expenses: Roche; Honoraria (self), Travel/Accommodation/Expenses: Novartis; Honoraria (self), Advisory/Consultancy: Celgene; Honoraria (self), Advisory/Consultancy: Eisai; Honoraria (self), Research grant/Funding (institution), Travel/Accommodation/Expenses: Pfizer; Honoraria (self): Samsung; Advisory/Consultancy: Cellestia; Advisory/Consultancy, Research grant/Funding (institution): AstraZeneca; Advisory/Consultancy: Biothera Pharmaceutical; Advisory/Consultancy: Merus; Advisory/Consultancy: Seattle Genetics; Advisory/Consultancy: Daiichi Sankyo; Advisory/Consultancy: Erytech; Advisory/Consultancy: Athenex; Research grant/Funding (institution): Ariad Pharmaceuticals; Research grant/Funding (institution): Baxalta; Research grant/Funding (institution): GMBH/Servier Affaires; Research grant/Funding (institution): Bayer Healthcare; Research grant/Funding (institution): F. Hoffman-La Roche; Research grant/Funding (institution): Guardant Health; Research grant/Funding (institution): MSD; Research grant/Funding (institution): Piqor Therapeutics; Research grant/Funding (institution): Puma C; Research grant/Funding (institution): Queen Mary University of London; Shareholder/Stockholder/Stock options: MedSIR. O. Lipatov: None. S.-A. Im: Advisory/Consultancy, Research grant/Funding (institution): AstraZeneca; Advisory/Consultancy: Eli-Lilly; Advisory/Consultancy/Research grant/Funding (institution): Eisai; Advisory/Consultancy: MSD; Advisory/Consultancy: Novartis; Advisory/Consultancy, Research grant/Funding (institution): Daiichi-Sankyo; Research grant/Funding (institution): Boryung Pharm; Advisory/Consultancy: Novartis; Advisory/Consultancy, Research grant/Funding (institution): Pfizer; Advisory/Consultancy/Research grant/Funding (institution): Roche. A. Goncalves: Honoraria (institution), Advisory/Consultancy, Research grant/Funding (institution): Novartis; Honoraria (institution), Advisory/Consultancy, Research grant/Funding (institution): MSD; Research grant/Funding (institution): AstraZeneca; Research grant/Funding: Roche/Genentech; Research grant/Funding: Sanofi/Aventis; Research grant/Funding: Daiichi Sankyo/AstraZeneca; Travel/Accommodation/Expenses: Menarini; Travel/Accommodation/Expenses: Mylan; Honoraria (institution), Advisory/Consultancy, Research grant/Funding (institution): Gilead. K.S. Lee: Advisory/Consultancy: Roche; Advisory/Consultancy: Lilly; Advisory/Consultancy: Pfizer; Advisory/Consultancy: Novartis; Research grant/Funding (institution), (support of drug): Dong-A Pharm. P. Schmid: Consultant fees/honoraria from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Celgene, Eisai, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Puma, Roche. Grant funding to the institution from Astellas, AstraZeneca, Genentech, Medivation, Novartis, Oncogenex, Roche. K. Tamura: Research grant/Funding from Eli Lilly. L. Testa: Advisory/Consultancy, Research grant/Funding (institution): Lilly; Advisory/Consultancy, Research grant/Funding (institution): Novartis; Research grant/Funding (institution): Roche; Travel/Accommodation/Expenses: Libbs; Travel/Accommodation/Expenses: Pfizer. S. Ohtani: Honoraria (institution): Chugai; Honoraria (institution): Eisai; Honoraria (institution): Pfizer; Honoraria (institution): AstraZeneca. N. Harbeck: Speaker Bureau/Expert testimony: AstraZeneca; Advisory/Consultancy, Speaker Bureau/Expert testimony: Daiichi Sankyo; Advisory/Consultancy, Speaker Bureau/Expert testimony: Gilead; Speaker Bureau/Expert testimony: Lilly; Speaker Bureau/Expert testimony: MSD; Advisory/Consultancy, Speaker Bureau/Expert testimony: Novartis; Advisory/Consultancy, Speaker Bureau/Expert testimony: Pfizer; Advisory/Consultancy, Speaker Bureau/Expert testimony: Roche; Advisory/Consultancy: Sandoz/Hexal; Advisory/Consultancy: Seattle Genetics; Shareholder/Stockholder/Stock options, Spouse/Financial dependent, Codirector of West German Study Group (self): West German Study Group; Full/Part-time employment: LMU Munich. S. Loi: Receives research funding to institution from Novartis, Bristol Myers Squibb, AstraZeneca/Daiichi Sankyo, Roche-Genentech, MSD, Pfizer, Gilead Sciences, Nektar Therapeutics, Eli Lilly. Acted as consultant to Roche-Genentech, MSD, Gilead Sciences, AstraZeneca/Daiichi Sankyo, Bristol Myers Squibb, Novartis, Eli Lilly, Amaroq Therapeutics, Mersana Therapeutics, Domain Therapeutics, BioNTech, Bicycle Therapeutics, Exact Sciences, Menari Asia-Pacific, SAGA Diagnostics, Adanate. Supported by the National Breast Cancer Foundation of Australia Endowed Chair and the Breast Cancer Research Foundation, New York. R. Salgado: Advisory Board role for BMS, Roche, AstraZeneca, Daichii Sankyo, Exact Sciences. Research funding by Roche, Puma, Merck, BMS. V. Karantza: Shareholder/Stockholder/Stock options: Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA; Full-time employment: Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC, a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA. J. Mejia: Shareholder/Stockholder/Stock options: Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA; Full-time employment: Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC, a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA. R. Cristescu: Shareholder/Stockholder/Stock options: Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA; Full-time employment: Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC, a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA. A. Loboda: Shareholder/Stockholder/Stock options: Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA; Full-time employment: Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC, a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA. M. Nebozhyn: Shareholder/Stockholder/Stock options: Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA; Full-time employment: Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC, a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA. P. Jelinic: Shareholder/Stockholder/Stock options: Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA; Full-time employment: Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC, a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA. L. Huang: Shareholder/Stockholder/Stock options: Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA; Full-time employment: Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC, a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA. E.P. Winer: None.