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Article History

Received: 29 June 2025

Accepted: 30 August 2025

First Online: 29 September 2025

Competing interests

: J.M.B. receives research support from Genentech/Roche and Incyte Corporation, has received advisory board payments from AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly, and Mallinckrodt and is an inventor on patents regarding immunotherapy targets and biomarkers in cancer. L.P. has received consulting fees and honoraria for advisory board participation from Pfizer, Astra Zeneca, Merck, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Stemline-Menarini, BeiGene, Personalis, Natera, Agendia, Exact Sciences, Radionetics, and institutional research funding from Pfizer, AstraZeneca, Merck, Bristol Myers Squibb, and Menarini-Stemline. Stock options in Ataraxis.GB has received consulting fees from Seagen, Roche, AstraZeneca, MSD, Daiichi Sankyo, Menarini, Tethis and Gilead Payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events: Roche, AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, Eli Lilly, MSD, Gilead, Seagen, Pfizer, Novartis, Takeda; Support for attending meetings and/or travel: Roche, Pfizer, MSD, Novartis, Daiichi Sankyo, AstraZeneca, Takeda, Gilead, Eli Lilly, Menarini; and Advisory Board fees from Helsinn, Pfizer, Roche, AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly, Novartis, MSD, Daiichi Sankyo, Gilead, Seagen, Menarini, Exact Science. L.L. has received consulting fee from Exact Sciences, Helsinn, AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo; honoraria for speakers’ bureaus from Gilead, Exact Sciences, Helsinn, Lilly, AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo; support for attending meetings from Lilly, Gilead, Accord, Helsinn, Roche; has served on Advisory Board for Lilly, Exact Sciences, AstraZeneca, Italfarmaco, Daiichi Sankyo, Accord, Pfizer, Gilead, Novartis.